Is Digital Mental Health Care the Future? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Xinyang Li

doi:10.5281/zenodo.16991571

Authors

Xinyang Li University of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16991571

Abstract

This meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of internet-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT) in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Synthesizing data from 19 randomized controlled trials, the study found that iCBT significantly reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety both post-intervention and at follow-up, while effects on stress were smaller and less consistent. Therapist-guided formats produced stronger outcomes than unguided ones, particularly for individuals with moderate to severe symptoms. Moderator analyses revealed that longer interventions were more effective for depression, but age did not significantly influence outcomes. Subgroup analysis also indicated cultural variations, with non-Asian studies reporting greater anxiety reductions. These findings support iCBT as a scalable, accessible solution for mental health care delivery, especially during global crises. Despite its promise, limitations include high heterogeneity, limited stress-related evidence, and inconsistent adherence reporting. The study emphasizes the need for symptom-specific tailoring, culturally adapted programs, and investment in digital infrastructure. Overall, iCBT offers a practical, evidence-based response to global mental health challenges and should be considered a vital component of future mental health policy and service delivery models.

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